In the quest to build better for the future, some are looking for answers in the long-ago past.
Ancient builders across the world created structures that are still standing today, thousands of years later 香蕉视频直播� from Roman engineers who poured thick concrete sea barriers, to Maya masons who crafted plaster sculptures to their gods, to Chinese builders who raised walls against invaders.
Yet scores of more recent structures are already staring down their expiration dates: The concrete that makes up much of our modern world has a lifespan of around 50 to 100 years.
A growing number of scientists have been studying materials from long-ago eras 香蕉视频直播� chipping off chunks of buildings, poring over historical texts, mixing up copycat recipes 香蕉视频直播� hoping to uncover how they香蕉视频直播檝e held up for millennia.
This reverse engineering has turned up a surprising list of ingredients that were mixed into old buildings 香蕉视频直播� materials such as tree bark, volcanic ash, rice, beer and even urine. These unexpected add-ins could be key some pretty impressive properties, like the ability to get stronger over time and 香蕉视频直播渉eal香蕉视频直播� cracks when they form.
Figuring out how to copy those features could have real impacts today: While our modern concrete has the strength to hold up massive skyscrapers and heavy infrastructure, it can香蕉视频直播檛 compete with the endurance of these ancient materials.
And with the rising threats of climate change, there香蕉视频直播檚 a growing call to make construction more sustainable. A estimates that the built environment is responsible for more than a third of global CO2 emissions 香蕉视频直播� and cement production alone makes up more than 7% of those emissions.
香蕉视频直播淚f you improve the properties of the material by using 香蕉视频直播� traditional recipes from Maya people or the ancient Chinese, you can produce material that can be used in modern construction in a much more sustainable way,香蕉视频直播� said Carlos Rodriguez-Navarro, a cultural heritage researcher at Spain香蕉视频直播檚 University of Granada.
Is ancient Roman concrete better than today香蕉视频直播檚?
Many researchers have turned to the Romans for inspiration. Starting around 200 BCE, the architects of the Roman Empire were building impressive concrete structures that have stood the test of time 香蕉视频直播� from the soaring dome of the Pantheon to the sturdy aqueducts that still carry water today.
Even in harbors, where seawater has been battering structures for ages, you香蕉视频直播檒l find concrete 香蕉视频直播渂asically the way it was when it was poured 2,000 years ago,香蕉视频直播� said John Oleson, an archaeologist at the University of Victoria in Canada.
Most modern concrete starts with Portland cement, a powder made by heating limestone and clay to super-high temperatures and grinding them up. That cement is mixed with water to create a chemically reactive paste. Then, chunks of material like rock and gravel are added, and the cement paste binds them into a concrete mass.
According to records from ancient architects like Vitruvius, the Roman process was similar. The ancient builders mixed materials like burnt limestone and volcanic sand with water and gravel, creating chemical reactions to bind everything together.
Now, scientists think they香蕉视频直播檝e found a key reason why some Roman concrete has held up structures for thousands of years: The ancient material has an unusual power to repair itself. Exactly how is not yet clear, but scientists are starting to find clues.
In a , Admir Masic, a civil and environmental engineer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, proposed that this power comes from chunks of lime that are studded throughout the Roman material instead of being mixed in evenly. Researchers used to think these chunks were a sign that the Romans weren香蕉视频直播檛 mixing up their materials well enough.
Instead, after analyzing concrete samples from Privernum 香蕉视频直播� an ancient city outside of Rome 香蕉视频直播� the scientists found that the chunks could fuel the material香蕉视频直播檚 香蕉视频直播渟elf-healing香蕉视频直播� abilities. When cracks form, water is able to seep into the concrete, Masic explained. That water activates the leftover pockets of lime, sparking up new chemical reactions that can fill in the damaged sections.
Marie Jackson, a geologist at the University of Utah, has a different take. has found that the key could be in the specific volcanic materials used by the Romans.
The builders would gather volcanic rocks left behind after eruptions to mix into their concrete. This naturally reactive material changes over time as it interacts with the elements, Jackson said, allowing it to seal cracks that develop.
The ability to keep adapting over time 香蕉视频直播渋s truly the genius of the material,香蕉视频直播� Jackson said. 香蕉视频直播淭he concrete was so well designed that it sustains itself.香蕉视频直播�
Using tree juice to make sculptures as strong as seashells
At Copan, a Maya site in Honduras, intricate lime sculptures and temples remain intact even after more than 1,000 years exposed to a hot, humid environment. And according to a , the secret to these structures香蕉视频直播� longevity might lie in the trees that sprout among them.
Researchers here had a living link to the structures香蕉视频直播� creators: They met with local masons in Honduras who traced their lineage all the way back to the Mayan builders, explained Rodriguez-Navarro, who worked on the study.
The masons suggested using extracts from local chukum and jiote trees in the lime mix. When researchers tested out the recipe 香蕉视频直播� collecting bark, putting the chunks in water and adding the resulting tree 香蕉视频直播渏uice香蕉视频直播� into the material 香蕉视频直播� they found the resulting plaster was especially durable against physical and chemical damage.
When scientists zoomed in, they saw that bits of organic material from the tree juice got incorporated into the plaster香蕉视频直播檚 molecular structure. In this way, the Mayan plaster was able to mimic sturdy natural structures like seashells and sea urchin spines 香蕉视频直播� and borrow some of their toughness, Rodriguez-Navarro said.
Studies have found all kinds of natural materials mixed into structures from long ago: fruit extracts, milk, cheese curd, beer, even dung and urine. The mortar that holds together some of China香蕉视频直播檚 most famous structures 香蕉视频直播� including the Great Wall and the Forbidden City 香蕉视频直播� includes .
Luck or skill?
Some of these ancient builders might have just gotten lucky, said Cecilia Pesce, a materials scientist at the University of Sheffield in England. They香蕉视频直播檇 toss just about anything into their mixes, as long as it was cheap and available 香蕉视频直播� and the ones that didn香蕉视频直播檛 work out have long since collapsed.
香蕉视频直播淭hey would put all sorts of things in construction,香蕉视频直播� Pesce said. 香蕉视频直播淎nd now, we only have the buildings that survived. So it香蕉视频直播檚 like a natural selection process.香蕉视频直播�
But some materials seem to show more intention 香蕉视频直播� like in India, where builders crafted blends of local materials to produce different properties, said Thirumalini Selvaraj, a civil engineer and professor at India香蕉视频直播檚 Vellore Institute of Technology.
According to Selvaraj香蕉视频直播檚 research, in humid areas of India, builders used local herbs that help structures deal with moisture. Along the coast, they added jaggery, an unrefined sugar, which can help protect from salt damage. And in areas with higher earthquake risks, they used super-light 香蕉视频直播渇loating bricks香蕉视频直播� made with rice husks.
香蕉视频直播淭hey know the region, they know the soil condition, they know the climate,香蕉视频直播� Selvaraj said. 香蕉视频直播淪o they engineer a material according to this.香蕉视频直播�
Ancient Roman 香蕉视频直播� skyscrapers?
Today香蕉视频直播檚 builders can香蕉视频直播檛 just copy the ancient recipes. Even though Roman concrete lasted a long time, it couldn香蕉视频直播檛 hold up heavy loads: 香蕉视频直播淵ou couldn香蕉视频直播檛 build a modern skyscraper with Roman concrete,香蕉视频直播� Oleson said. 香蕉视频直播淚t would collapse when you got to the third story.香蕉视频直播�
Instead, researchers are trying to take some of the ancient material香蕉视频直播檚 specialties and add them into modern mixes. Masic is part of a startup that is trying to build new projects using Roman-inspired, 香蕉视频直播渟elf-healing香蕉视频直播� concrete. And Jackson is working with the Army Corps of Engineers to design concrete structures that can hold up well in seawater 香蕉视频直播� like the ones in Roman ports 香蕉视频直播� to help protect coastlines from sea level rise.
We don香蕉视频直播檛 need to make things last quite as long as the Romans did to have an impact, Masic said. If we add 50 or 100 years to concrete香蕉视频直播檚 lifespan, 香蕉视频直播渨e will require less demolition, less maintenance and less material in the long run.香蕉视频直播�
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The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute香蕉视频直播檚 Science and Educational Media Group. The AP is solely responsible for all content.
Maddie Burakoff, The Associated Press